There was a contest, in which a mortal dared to come in competition with
Athena. That mortal was Arachne, a maiden who had attained such skill
in the arts of weaving and embroidery that the nymphs themselves would
leave their groves and fountains to come and gaze upon her work. It was
not only beautiful when it was done, but beautiful also in the doing.
To watch her, as she took the wool in its rude state and formed it
into rolls, or separated it with her fingers and carded it till it
looked as light and soft as a cloud, or twirled the spindle with skilful
touch, or wove the web, or, after it was woven, adorned it with her
needle, one would have said that Athena herself had taught her. But this
she denied, and could not bear to be thought a pupil even of a Goddess.
“Let Athena try her skill with mine,” said she; “if beaten I will pay
the penalty.” Athena heard this and was displeased. She assumed the form
of an old woman and went and gave Arachne some friendly advice. “I have
had much experience, said she, and I hope you will not despise my
counsel. Challenge your fellow-mortals as you will, but do not compete
with a Goddess. On the contrary, I advise you to ask her forgiveness for
what you have said, and as she is merciful perhaps she will pardon
you.” Arachne stopped her spinning and looked at the old dame with anger
in her countenance. “Keep your counsel, said she, “for your daughters
or handmaids; for my part I know what I say, and I stand to it. I am not
afraid of the Goddess; let her try her skill, if she dare venture.”
“She comes,” said Athena; and dropping her disguise stood confessed. The
nymphs bent low in homage, and all the bystanders paid reverence.
Arachne alone was unterrified. She blushed, indeed; a sudden color
dyed her cheek, and then she grew pale. But she stood to her resolve,
and with a foolish conceit of her own skill rushed on her fate. Athena
forbore no longer nor interposed any further advice. They proceed to the
contest. Each takes her station and attaches the web to the beam. Then
the slender shuttle is passed in and out among the threads. The reed
with its fine teeth strikes the woof into its place and compacts the
web. Both work with speed; their skilful hands move rapidly, and the
excitement of the contest makes the labor light. Wool of Tyrian dye is
contrasted with that of other colors, shaded off into one another so
adroitly that the joining deceives the eye. Like the bow, whose long
arch tinges the heavens, formed by sunbeams reflected from the shower,
in which, where the colors meet they seem as one, but a little distance
from the point of contact are wholly different.
Athena wrought on her web the scene of her contest with Poseidon.
Twelve of the heavenly powers are represented, Zeus, with august
gravity, sitting in the midst. Poseidon, the ruler of the sea, holds his
trident, and appears to have just smitten the earth, from which a horse
has leaped forth. Athena depicted herself with helmed head, her Aegis
covering her breast. Such was the central circle; and in the four
corners were represented incidents illustrating the displeasure of the
Gods at such presumptuous mortals as had dared to contend with them.
These were meant as warnings to her rival to give up the contest before
it was too late.
Arachne filled her web with subjects designedly chosen to exhibit the
failings and errors of the Gods. One scene represented Leda caressing
the swan, under which form Zeus had disguised himself; and another,
Danae, in the brazen tower in which her father had imprisoned her, but
where the God effected his entrance in the form of a golden shower.
Still another depicted Europa deceived by Zeus under the disguise of a
bull. Encouraged by the tameness of the animal Europa ventured to mount
his back, whereupon Zeus advanced into the sea and swam with her to
Crete, You would have thought it was a real bull, so naturally was it
wrought, and so natural the water in which it swam. She seemed to look
with longing eyes back upon the shore she was leaving, and to call to
her companions for help. She appeared to shudder with terror at the
sight of the heaving waves, and to draw back her feel, from the water.
Arachne filled her canvas with similar subjects, wonderfully well
done, but strongly marking her presumption and impiety. Athena could not
forbear to admire, yet felt indignant at the insult. She struck the web
with her shuttle and rent it in pieces; she then touched the forehead
of Arachne and made her feel her guilt and shame. She could not endure
it and went and hanged herself. Athena pitied her as she saw her
suspended by a rope. “Live,” she said, “guilty woman! and that you may
preserve the memory of this lesson, continue to hang, both you and your
descendants, to all future times.”
She sprinkled her with the juices of aconite, and immediately her hair
came off, and her nose and ears likewise. Her form shrank up, and her
head grew smaller yet; her fingers cleaved to her side and served for
legs. All the rest of her is body, out of which she spins her thread,
often hanging suspended by it, in the same attitude as when Athena
touched her and transformed her into a spider
